Programming

Understanding Python’s asyncio architecture is crucial for writing efficient asynchronous code. Here’s a comprehensive guide. Event Loop The event loop is the core of asyncio. It manages and distributes the execution of different tasks. import asyncio async def main(): print("Hello") await asyncio.sleep(1) print("World") # Event loop runs the coroutine asyncio.run(main()) Coroutines Coroutines are functions defined with async def. They can be paused and resumed. async def fetch_data(): await asyncio.sleep(1) return "data" # Coroutine object coro = fetch_data() Tasks Tasks wrap coroutines and schedule them on the event loop. ...

Ownership is Rust’s unique feature that ensures memory safety without garbage collection. Ownership Rules Each value has a single owner Only one owner at a time When owner goes out of scope, value is dropped let s = String::from("hello"); // s owns the string Moving let s1 = String::from("hello"); let s2 = s1; // s1 is moved to s2 // s1 is no longer valid Borrowing fn calculate_length(s: &String) -> usize { s.len() } let s = String::from("hello"); let len = calculate_length(&s); // Borrowing Mutable References fn change(s: &mut String) { s.push_str(", world"); } let mut s = String::from("hello"); change(&mut s); Best Practices Use references when possible Understand ownership rules Avoid unnecessary moves Use clone() sparingly Leverage the borrow checker Conclusion Master Rust ownership for memory-safe systems programming! 🦀

Rust’s error handling is elegant and type-safe. Here’s how to use it effectively. Option Type fn find_user(id: u32) -> Option<String> { if id > 0 { Some(format!("User {}", id)) } else { None } } match find_user(1) { Some(name) => println!("Found: {}", name), None => println!("Not found"), } Result Type use std::fs::File; fn read_file(path: &str) -> Result<String, std::io::Error> { std::fs::read_to_string(path) } match read_file("data.txt") { Ok(content) => println!("Content: {}", content), Err(e) => println!("Error: {}", e), } Error Propagation fn read_config() -> Result<String, std::io::Error> { let content = std::fs::read_to_string("config.txt")?; Ok(content) } Custom Errors use std::fmt; #[derive(Debug)] struct CustomError { message: String, } impl fmt::Display for CustomError { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result { write!(f, "{}", self.message) } } Best Practices Use Result for recoverable errors Use Option for optional values Propagate errors with ? Create custom errors when needed Handle errors explicitly Conclusion Handle errors elegantly in Rust! 🦀

Migrating from Python 2 to Python 3 requires careful planning. Here’s a step-by-step guide. Key Differences Print Statement # Python 2 print "Hello" # Python 3 print("Hello") Division # Python 2 5 / 2 # 2 # Python 3 5 / 2 # 2.5 5 // 2 # 2 Unicode # Python 2 s = u"Hello" # Python 3 s = "Hello" # Unicode by default Migration Tools # 2to3 tool 2to3 -w script.py # Modernize python-modernize script.py Best Practices Test thoroughly Update dependencies Use type hints Handle bytes/strings Update string formatting Conclusion Migrate to Python 3 for modern Python development! 🐍